Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size and curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers that show with startling directness the large-scale geometry of the universe.

(A) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, to gather information about its size and curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers
(B) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth for gathering information about its size and also the curvature of its surface, new observations have been made by astronomers
(C) Similar to the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, where they gathered information about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations
(D) Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth gathering information about its size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations
(E) Just as with the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth, gathering information about its size and curvature of the surface, astronomers have made new observations

The OA is D.
I wonder why "gathering information about its size and the curvature of its surface" can modify "the great navigators". I thought that if a present participle is not preceded by a noun, it modifies the noun preceding it.

I thought it was E.

Can someone explain why the answer is D and not E? I thought that you cannot use Like to compare two nouns preceded by verbs (Like "navigators sailed" ....compared with "astonomers made") but should use "as" in this case.

Sorry, typo.
I was trying to say:
I wonder why "gathering information about its size and the curvature of its surface" can modify "the great navigators". I thought that if a present participle is not preceded by a comma, it modifies the noun preceding it.

The "like" structure in D is absolutely fine:
Like the great navigators [restrictive clause], astronomers+V+O.
Like X, Y...
X=the great navigators
Y=astronomers

I believe that "just as X does something, Y does something" is the correct structure.

The present participle is a very weird verbal because it can be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, not only next to the noun or verb that it modifies. For this particular sentence, the sentence would not make sense if the participial "gathering information about its size and the curvature of its surface" referred to the Earth. In other words, the sentence would have been awkward if the participle modifier read that the earth gathered information about its size and its curvature. Therefore, the participle modifier can only refer to the subject in the sentence, the great navigators.

Here the comparison is made between Navigators and Astronomers ( Note the comparison is made between 2 nouns and not on their respective actions)

Hence It is preferred to use Like X <>, <Y>

Just by this rule, we can eliminate A,B,C and E

Moreover

Just as X, So Y is the correct Idiom E is out
B and A use wrong comparisons between navigators and observations

Choice C use of relative pronoun 'where' to refer to Earth makes no sense

H, Guest & Cobra - Great explanations, makes sense now!

I erroneously thought the comparison was with the 2 nouns and their respective actions, definetly not the case.

If the sentence was attempting to compare the nouns and actions, would the use of "as" in the sentence below make it correct? (Modified E)

(E) Just as the great navigators sailed around the Earth gathering information about its size and curvature of the surface, astronomers have made new observations

Also I noticed that the original E has "just as with" - is the addition of with ever right in a comparison? that seems like a point that could also be used to eliminate.

comparisons are a special case of parallelism. therefore, if a sentence contains a parallel structure including the preposition 'with' as an integral part, then it can be properly used.

example:
i ate sushi more often with my last girlfriend than with the girlfriend before her.